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عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت: كان رسولُ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا فَاتَتْهُ الصَّلَاةُ مِنَ الليلِ مِن وَجَعٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ، صَلَّى من النَّهَارِ ثِنْتَيْ عَشْرَةَ رَكْعَةً.

If the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) missed the voluntary night prayer because of sickness or something else, he would make it up in the daytime. At night he would pray eleven Rak‘ahs as Witr, but since the Witr time passed, he would pray it as an even number, i.e. twelve Rak‘ahs instead of eleven.

دليل الفالحين لطرق رياض الصالحين، لابن علان، نشر دار الكتاب العربي. نزهة المتقين شرح رياض الصالحين، نشر: مؤسسة الرسالة، الطبعة: الرابعة عشر، 1407ه 1987م. شرح رياض الصالحين، لابن عثيمين، نشر: دار الوطن للنشر، الرياض، الطبعة: 1426ه. بهجة الناظرين شرح رياض الصالحين لسليم الهلالي، ط1، دار ابن الجوزي، الدمام، 1415ه. المعجم الوسيط، نشر: دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت – لبنان، الطبعة: الثانية. صحيح مسلم، تحقيق: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، نشر: دار إحياء التراث العربي – بيروت.

عن عائشة رضي الله عنها والمغيرة بن شعبة رضي الله عنه : أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم كان يقوم من الليل حتى تَتَفَطَّرَ قَدَمَاهُ فقلت له: لم تَصْنَعُ هذا يا رسول الله، وقد غفر اللهُ لك ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تأخر؟ قال: «أَفَلَا أحب أن أكونَ عبدا شَكُورًا».

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to stand and pray at night until the skin on his feet would crack. ‘Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said to him - thinking that he was worshiping Allah out of fear of sins and seeking forgiveness and mercy from Allah, while Allah has already forgiven his sins and he is in no need of that - "Why are you doing this, O Messenger of Allah, while Allah has forgiven your past and future sins?" He replied: "Should I not be a thankful slave." So this worship was an expression of his gratitude towards Allah for His forgiveness.

- دليل الفالحين لطرق رياض الصالحين، لابن علان، نشر دار الكتاب العربي. - نزهة المتقين شرح رياض الصالحين، نشر: مؤسسة الرسالة، الطبعة: الرابعة عشر، 1407هـ - 1987م. - بهجة الناظرين شرح رياض الصالحين لسليم الهلالي، ط1، دار ابن الجوزي، الدمام، 1415هـ. - صحيح البخاري، نشر: دار طوق النجاة (مصورة عن السلطانية بإضافة ترقيم ترقيم محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي)، الطبعة: الأولى، 1422هـ. - صحيح مسلم، تحقيق: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، نشر: دار إحياء التراث العربي – بيروت.

عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ رضي الله عنهما أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «مَنْ أَكَلَ ثُومًا أَوْ بَصَلًا، فَلْيَعْتَزِلْنَا -أَوْ قَالَ: فَلْيَعْتَزِلْ- مَسْجِدَنَا، وَلْيَقْعُدْ فِي بَيْتِهِ»، وَأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أُتِيَ بِقِدْرٍ فِيهِ خَضِرَاتٌ مِنْ بُقُولٍ، فَوَجَدَ لَهَا رِيحًا، فَسَأَلَ فَأُخْبِرَ بِمَا فِيهَا مِنَ البُقُولِ، فَقَالَ قَرِّبُوهَا إِلَى بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِهِ كَانَ مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُ كَرِهَ أَكْلَهَا، قَالَ: «كُلْ فَإِنِّي أُنَاجِي مَنْ لاَ تُنَاجِي». ولِمُسْلِمٍ عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «مَنْ أَكَلَ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْبَقْلَةِ، الثُّومِ - وقَالَ مَرَّةً: مَنْ أَكَلَ الْبَصَلَ وَالثُّومَ وَالْكُرَّاثَ فَلَا يَقْرَبَنَّ مَسْجِدَنَا، فَإِنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ تَتَأَذَّى مِمَّا يَتَأَذَّى مِنْهُ بَنُو آدَمَ».

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) forbade the one who ate garlic or onion from going to the mosque so as not to offend his brothers, attending the congregational prayer, with their smell. It is a prohibition of Tanzīh (what is not strictly forbidden) from going to the mosque, not from eating them because they are from the permissible foods. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was brought a pot containing vegetables, and when he sensed an odor therein and was informed of what it contained, he refrained from eating it and brought it near to one of his Companions to eat from it; however, he disliked eating from it in imitation of the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him), who said upon seeing him: Eat, for indeed, I converse with the angels through the revelation. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) informed that the angels are offended by unpleasant odors just like people.

• It is prohibited for whoever ate garlic, onion, or leek to go to mosques.
• The same ruling applies to everything that has an unpleasant odor that those praying find offensive, such as the smell of smoke, tobacco, and the like.
• The cause of prohibition is the odor. If such an odor no longer exists due to excessive cooking or anything else, then it is no longer disliked.
• It is disliked to eat these things for one who has to attend prayer in the mosque, so that he does not miss the congregation in the mosque, as long as he does not eat them as a ploy to escape the obligation of attending, in which case it is prohibited.
• The Prophet's abstention from eating garlic and the like is not by way of prohibition but because of conversing with Jibrīl (Gabriel) (peace be upon him).
• The Prophet's excellent approach in teaching, as he coupled the ruling with the clarification of its cause to reassure the addressee by letting him know the rationale behind such a ruling.
• Al-Qādi said: Based on analogy, scholars decided that this applies to places, other than mosques, where people gather for prayer, like the Eid praying area, funerals, and their likes from places where people gather for worship. The same applies to knowledge and Dhikr assemblies, banquets, and the like. However, this does not apply to markets and similar places.
• Scholars said: This Hadīth includes evidence on forbidding one who has eaten garlic and the like from entering the mosque, even if it is empty because it is the angels' place and given the general indication of the Hadīths.

صحيح البخاري (1/ 170) (855). صحيح مسلم (1/ 394) (564)، (1/ 395) (564). تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، للبسام (ص204). تنبيه الأفهام شرح عمدة الأحكام، لابن عثيمين (2/ 260). تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس، للزَّبيدي (5/ 332).

عن أبي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه قال: «صلَّى بنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إحدى صَلاتَيْ الْعَشِيِّ -قال ابن سِيرِينَ وسمَّاها أبو هُرَيْرَةَ، ولكن نسيت أنا- قال: فصلَّى بنا ركعتين، ثم سلَّم، فقام إلى خَشَبَةٍ مَعْرُوضَةٍ في المسجد، فَاتَّكَأَ عليها كأنه غضبان ووضع يده اليُمنى على اليُسرى، و شَبَّكَ بين أصابعه، وخرجت السَّرَعَانُ من أبواب المسجد فقالوا: قَصُرَتِ الصلاة -وفي القوم أبو بكر وعمر- فهابا أن يكلماه، وفي القوم رجل في يديه طُول، يقال له: ذو اليدين فقال: يا رسول الله، أنسيت؟ أم قَصُرَتِ الصلاة؟ قال: لم أَنْسَ وَلَمْ تُقْصَرْ، فقال: أكما يقول ذو اليدين؟ فقالوا: نعم، فتقدَّم فصلَّى ما ترك، ثم سلَّمَ، ثم كبَّر وسجد مثل سجوده أو أطول، ثم رفع رأسه فكبَّر، ثم كبَّر وسجد مثل سجوده أو أطول، ثم رفع رأسه وكبَّر، فربما سألوه: ثم سلّم؟ قال: فَنُبِّئْتُ أن عِمْرَانَ بْنَ حُصَيْنٍ قال: ثم سلَّمَ».

Messengers of Allah have the most perfect reasons, the firmest hearts, and the best endurance, and they are the best in terms of fulfilling the rights of Allah, the Exalted. Yet, they never went beyond the limits of human nature. The Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was the most perfect in all these characteristics. However, he once forgot due to his human nature, so that Allah would legislate for His slaves the rulings regarding forgetfulness in prayer. Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) led his companions in Zhuhr or ‘Asr prayer. Abu Hurayrah actually defined this prayer, but the sub-narrator Ibn Sirīn forgot it. When the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) prayed the first two Rak‘ahs, he finished the prayer by making Taslīm. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) is a perfect man and feels contented only with the perfect work. Therefore, he felt there was a sort of deficiency or fault, but he did not know the source of such feeling. So, he went toward a piece of wood lying across Qiblah of the mosque, leaned upon it, and interlaced his fingers. Those who were in a haste left the mosque through its gates while discussing with one another that something had happened, which was that the prayer had been shortened. Perhaps they thought that forgetfulness could not occur to the one who is a Prophet. The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was highly respected, and thus no one dared to discuss this crucial issue with him. Even Abu Bakr and ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with both of them) did not dare to ask him particularly they had seen him in a state of anxiety and depression. A man from the companions called Dhu al-Yadayn broke the silence by asking the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him): "O Messenger of Allah, have you forgotten or has the prayer been shortened?" He did not could not assure any of the two probabilities since both were possible to take place at that time. he to the best of his thought said: "I neither forgot nor was it shortened." When Dhu al-Yadayn realized that the prayer had not been shortened, and he was certain that he prayed only two Rak‘ahs, he knew that the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) had forgotten, so he said: "Rather, you have forgotten." The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) wanted to confirm the accuracy of Dhu al-Yadayn's claim, which contradicted his thought that his prayer was complete, so he sought someone to support his statement and asked his companions around him: "Is what Dhu al-Yadayn has said true – that I only prayed two Rak‘ahs?" When they answered in the affirmative, the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) stepped forward and prayed what he had missed of the prayer. After reciting Tashahhud, he made Taslīm then said: "Allah Akbar" while he was sitting, then prostrated as he normally did or longer. Then he raised his head from prostration and said: "Allah Akbar," then he said it again and prostrated as he normally did or longer. Then he raised his head and said: "Allah Akbar" and ended the prayer by making Taslīm without saying Tashahhud.

تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن البسام، تحقيق: محمد صبحي حلاق، مكتبة الصحابة، الأمارات، مكتبة التابعين، القاهرة، الطبعة: العاشرة 1426هـ، 2006م. تنبيه الأفهام شرح عمدة الأحكام، محمد بن صالح العثيمين، مكتبة الصحابة، الإمارات، الطبعة: الأولى 1426هـ، 2005م. الإفهام في شرح عمدة الأحكام لابن باز، تحقيق: سعيد القحطاني، مؤسسة عبد العزيز بن باز الخيرية، الرياض، الطبعة: الأولى 1435هـ. الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام، إسماعيل بن محمد الأنصاري، دار الفكر، دمشق، الطبعة: الأولى 1381هـ. خلاصة الكلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، فيصل بن عبد العزيز المبارك، الطبعة: الثانية 1412هـ، 1992م. صحيح البخاري، محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري الجعفي، تحقيق: محمد زهير الناصر، دار طوق النجاة (مصورة عن السلطانية بإضافة ترقيم: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي)، الطبعة: الأولى 1422هـ. صحيح مسلم، مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيسابوري، تحقيق محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، الطبعة: 1423هـ. تأسيس الأحكام، أحمد بن يحيى النجمي، دار المنهاج، القاهرة، الطبعة: الأولى 1427هـ.

عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضيَ اللهُ عنه أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ: «أَحَبُّ الْبِلَادِ إِلَى اللهِ مَسَاجِدُهَا، وَأَبْغَضُ الْبِلَادِ إِلَى اللهِ أَسْوَاقُهَا».

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) informed that the most beloved places to Allah Almighty are the mosques, for they are houses of worship and acts of obedience and are built upon piety. And the most hated places to Allah are the marketplaces, because they are often filled with deception, fraud, usury, false oaths, broken promises, and heedlessness of the remembrance of Allah.

• The sanctity and high status of the mosques, for they are houses in which the Name of Allah is frequently mentioned.
• An encouragement to adhere to mosques and to frequent them often in pursuit of Allah's love and pleasure, and to minimize visits to marketplaces except when necessary, to avoid falling into things that incur divine displeasure.
• An-Nawawi said: The mosques are places where Allah's mercy descends, while the marketplaces are their opposite.

صحيح مسلم (1/ 464) (671). نزهة المتقين، لمجموعة من الباحثين (2/ 1250). بهجة الناظرين، لسليم الهلالي (3/ 305). شرح رياض الصالحين، لابن عثيمين (6/ 655). كنوز رياض الصالحين، لمجموعة من الباحثين (21/ 526).

عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: «أَرَأَيْتُمْ لَوْ أَنَّ نَهَرًا بِبَابِ أَحَدِكُمْ يَغْتَسِلُ فِيهِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ خَمْسًا، مَا تَقُولُ ذَلِكَ يُبْقِي مِنْ دَرَنِهِ؟» قَالُوا: لَا يُبْقِي مِنْ دَرَنِهِ شَيْئًا، قَالَ: «فَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ الصَّلَوَاتِ الخَمْسِ، يَمْحُو اللَّهُ بِهِ الخَطَايَا».

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) likened the five prayers every day and night and their effect on removing and expiating minor sins and misdeeds to a river at one's door wherefrom he takes a bath five times every day and, thus, nothing of his dirt or filth remains.

• Such merit is exclusive to expiating minor sins, whereas major sins require repentance.
• The merit of performing the five prayers and observing them while fulfilling their conditions, pillars, obligatory and Sunnah acts.

صحيح البخاري (1/ 112) (528). صحيح مسلم (1/ 462) (667). نزهة المتقين شرح رياض الصالحين، مجموعة من الباحثين (2/ 773). تطريز رياض الصالحين، لفيصل آل مبارك (ص610). المعجم الوسيط، (1/ 282). النهاية في غريب الحديث والأثر، لابن الأثير (2/ 115).

عن زَيْد بن أَرْقَمَ رضي الله عنه قال: «كُنّا نتكلم في الصلاة، يُكَلِّمُ الرجل صاحبه، وهو إلى جنبه في الصلاة، حتى نزلت ((وقوموا لله قانتين))؛ فَأُمِرْنَا بالسكوت ونُهِينَا عن الكلام».

The ritual prayer is a communication between the servant and Allah. So in prayer, one should not allow anything to distract him from this private communication with Allah. Zayd ibn Arqam (may Allah be well pleased with him) says that the Muslims, at the beginning of Islam used to talk to each other during ritual prayers as much as they needed. So one would talk to his companion beside him during the prayer. The Prophet knew of that, but he did not disapprove of it. Since one converses privately with Allah during prayer, no contact should be made with humans. Hence, Allah, the Exalted, commanded the Muslims to observe their prayer with silence, saying: {Maintain with care the [obligatory] prayers and [in particular] the middle prayer and stand before Allah, devoutly obedient} [Sūrat al-Baqarah: 238]. So the Companions came to know from this verse that talking during the prayer is forbidden, and they refrained from talking from that moment on.

تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن البسام، تحقيق: محمد صبحي حلاق، مكتبة الصحابة، الأمارات، مكتبة التابعين، القاهرة، الطبعة: العاشرة 1426هـ، 2006م. تنبيه الأفهام شرح عمدة الأحكام، محمد بن صالح العثيمين، مكتبة الصحابة، الإمارات، الطبعة: الأولى 1426هـ، 2005م. الإفهام في شرح عمدة الأحكام لابن باز، تحقيق: سعيد القحطاني، مؤسسة عبد العزيز بن باز الخيرية، الرياض، الطبعة: الأولى 1435هـ. الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام، إسماعيل بن محمد الأنصاري، دار الفكر، دمشق، الطبعة: الأولى 1381هـ. خلاصة الكلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، فيصل بن عبد العزيز المبارك، الطبعة: الثانية 1412هـ، 1992م. صحيح البخاري، محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري الجعفي، تحقيق: محمد زهير الناصر، دار طوق النجاة (مصورة عن السلطانية بإضافة ترقيم: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي)، الطبعة: الأولى 1422هـ. صحيح مسلم، مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيسابوري، تحقيق محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، الطبعة: 1423هـ.

عن جابِر بن عبد الله رضي الله عنهما قال: «جاء رجل والنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يَخْطُبُ الناس يوم الجمعة، فقال: صليت يا فلان؟ قال: لا، قال: قم فاركع ركعتين، -وفي رواية: فصل ركعتين-».

Sulayk al-Ghatafāni entered the Prophet's mosque while the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) was giving the sermon on Friday. He sat down to listen to the sermon without performing the two-Rak‘ah mosque-greeting prayer. He was either unfamiliar with the ruling on that payer or thought that listening to the sermon was more important than performing it. The Prophet's engagement in giving the sermon did not prevent him from teaching Sulayk; rather, he addressed him asking if he had prayed in the corner of the mosque before he spotted him. When Sulayk said that he had not prayed, the Prophet commanded him to get up and pray two Rak‘ahs. According to a report in Sahīh Muslim, the Prophet asked him to pray two short Rak‘ahs. The Prophet gave instructions to the man in the presence of a big gathering for two reasons: to teach him something that he needed to learn at the time of need and to educate others as well. So for anyone entering the mosque while the Imām is giving the sermon, it is prescribed for him to pray before sitting to listen to it. This Hadīth is evidence for it, along with another Hadīth that reads: "If one of you comes to the mosque on Friday while the Imām is giving the sermon, let him pray two Rak‘ahs and keep them short." Commenting on this Hadīth in his explanation of Sahīh Muslim, An-Nawawi said: "This is an explicit text that may not be subjected to interpretation. I do not think that a scholar who is informed of this wording and believes in its authenticity would go against it."

تيسير العلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن البسام، تحقيق: محمد صبحي حلاق، مكتبة الصحابة، الإمارات، مكتبة التابعين، القاهرة، الطبعة العاشرة، 1426هـ - 2006م. الإفهام في شرح عمدة الأحكام، لابن باز، تحقيق: سعيد القحطاني، مؤسسة عبد العزيز بن باز الخيرية، الرياض، الطبعة الأولى، 1435هـ. الإلمام بشرح عمدة الأحكام، إسماعيل بن محمد الأنصاري، دار الفكر، دمشق، الطبعة الأولى، 1381هـ. خلاصة الكلام شرح عمدة الأحكام، فيصل بن عبد العزيز المبارك، الطبعة الثانية، 1412هـ - 1992م. صحيح البخاري، محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري الجعفي، تحقيق: محمد زهير الناصر، دار طوق النجاة (مصورة عن السلطانية بإضافة ترقيم: محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي)، الطبعة الأولى، 1422هـ. صحيح مسلم، مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيسابوري، تحقيق محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، الطبعة، 1423هـ. تأسيس الأحكام، أحمد بن يحيى النجمي، دار المنهاج، القاهرة، الطبعة الأولى، 1427هـ.